Uncovering Ancient Aqueducts: A Glimpse into Jerusalem's Water History

A new section of Jerusalem’s lower aqueduct, once the main water supply to the city for 2,000 years, has been uncovered during excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority in the Armon HaNatziv neighborhood.

The lower aqueduct twists along over 21 kilometers, from Solomon’s Pools south of Bethlehem to the Old City and the Temple Mount, with a gentle gradient - descending a little over one meter per kilometer. Initiated by the Hasmonean kings to enhance Jerusalem's water supply, particularly to the Temple Mount, this engineering feat continues to impress today. Due to its sophisticated design and quality, it remained in use for 2,000 years until the advent of electrically powered pumps during the British Mandate, about 100 years ago.

Yaakov Billig, a researcher of Jerusalem’s aqueducts with the Israel Antiquities Authority, explained: "Two aqueducts led water to Jerusalem from Solomon’s Pools located between Bethlehem and Efrat - the upper aqueduct and the lower aqueduct. It's amazing to consider their precision in calculating elevations and planning over 2,000 years ago, without the sophisticated tools we have today."

Currently, sections of the lower aqueduct are being uncovered beneath Elkachi Street in the Armon HaNatziv neighborhood. Directed by Alex Vigmán, the excavation is part of a collaborative initiative by the Israel Antiquities Authority, the Jerusalem Municipality, and the Moriah company. Its goal is to make this engineering masterpiece accessible and visible to the public. As the aqueduct is revealed, it is being preserved by conservation experts from the Israel Antiquities Authority, preparing it to become part of a public park for the enjoyment of local residents and visitors.

"Jerusalem Day is an excellent opportunity to offer the public a glimpse of what lies hidden beneath this magnificent city, and the aqueduct is a prime example," said Eli Eskozido, Director of the Israel Antiquities Authority. "The Israel Antiquities Authority uncovers and preserves Jerusalem's past throughout the year. It is both a privilege and a great responsibility. The discoveries here never cease to fascinate and surprise."